Comparison Between Two Methodologies By Using Nimsad Information Technology Essay

Comparison Between Two Methodologies By Using Nimsad Information Technology Essay The main objective of this assignment is to do comparison between two various methodologies such as SSADM Structured Systems Analysis and Development Methodology and ETHICS Effective Technical and Human Implementation of Computer-based Work Systems by using NIMSAD framework. Both methodologies have shown their own concept of identifying problem situation and finding solution to fix the problems. Avison and Fitzgerald (1995) show the definition of information system development methodology as a collection of procedures, techniques, tools, and documentation assistance which will help the system developers in their efforts to implement a new information system and they also mentioned the methodology with the above collections. There are two principles for comparing methodologies: The first one is Academic reason, this is for understanding the diagnosis of the methodology. The Second one is Practical reason; this is to select a methodology, group or part of the methodology for a particular application and. There are lots of methodologies exists. There may be many comparisons can determine and define the methodology (Avison and Fitzgerald, 1995). So, we must know the basic rules of the two methodologies before start doing comparison. The comparison and views of the methodologies will be shown below. SSDAM (Structured Systems Analysis and Design Method) Structured System Analysis and Design method is a framework that adopts Structure approach to the analysis and design of the information systems alike previous structured methods such as Yourdon in 1976,DeMarco in 1979 . It is sequential development process called as waterfall method. It was produced for Central Computer and Telecommunications Agency (CCTA) and also the UK government now known as Office of Government Commerce (OGC). In 1981 UK government was taken this method as a compulsory for all projects but since then the other countries and some private organization used it greatly (Ashworth et al, 1995).SSADM supports the developers and project managers in understanding four questions they are What is to be done, When it is to be done, How it is to be done, Where the resultant inform is to be documented (Bentley et al, 1995).Some history of this methodology since 1980, Central Computer and Telecommunications Agency determines the analysis and design methods. In the year of 1981 Learmonth Burchett Management Systems (LBMS) method has chosen from shortlist of five. In the year of 1983 SSADM made mandatory for all new information system developments. Version 2 of SSADM was released in 1984. Version 3 of SSADM was released and that was adapted by NCC in 1986. After 1988, SSADM certificate of Proficiency launched, SSADM promoted as open standard. Version 4 of SSADM has released in 1990. (Websites: http://www.dcs.bbk.ac.uk/~steve/1/tsld005.htm). This is a wide methodology and also flexible to apply at any kind of problem situation. It divides the works or projects into distinct units (Downs et al, 1992).SSADM is a basic assumption that systems have an underlying, generic, data structure which changes very little over time (Ashworth et al,1990). The SSADM version 4 has formed five important frames such as, Feasibility Study (FS), Requirements Analysis (RA), Requirements Specification (RS), Logical System Specification (LS) and Physical Design (PD). This five-module framework has seven stages and each stage has explained exactly with their own strategy, controls, and activity, this helps the main purpose of the project management technique (Avison and Fitzgerald, 1995; Downs et al, 1992). Diagram: The Feasibility Study (FS) is first module of the methodology; it holds the position of stage 0, this phase has four steps: First one is prepare for study to know measurement of evaluation of the project; then define the problem by using comparison between requirements with current position; selection of Feasibility from among others; the final one is to submit a report of the Feasibility. Data flow diagram and flow documents are used in this technique (Avison and Fitzgerald, 1995). Requirement Analysis (RA) is one of the most important stages of SSADM. This involved with describing the requirements of information systems. This is a fundamental level for business purpose. It has two stages; a major aim of the first stage is to make understand fully about the system for analysts. Analyst should investigate the feasibility of the project if before stage was not done and also the problem situation should be described by using data models and data flow models; Interviewing to the employees and users also included in this stage. The second one is Business System option; during this stage the analysts would determine such business system options by group actions for their customers. The previous stage has named that, a business system option is a potential solution to the system requirements. This includes boundaries of the solution and inputs and outputs. Requirement Specification (RS) is a single stage and it makes over the description of the current environment and business system option which was made by Requirements Analysis. Clients of this system would select business option at the end of RA. During this stage analysts should combine the investigation of all the stages results from 1 to 3 by keep the business option, to develop a specification of the system. It also describes actual function of the system. Entity-event modelling and rational data analysis are the techniques used in this stage. During the stage 3, various models of the system are being developed such as, Data Flow Model (DFM) and Logical Data Model (LDM).This stage brings details the DFM and LDM. The function definition has unites into one for specification process design at this stage. The next module, Logical System Specification (LS) has two stages in it. Such as stage 4 and stage 5, Technical System Option considered as stage 4 and Logical design as stage 5. Technical System Option is the final stage for analysis phase and conversion to the literal system design. Many execution chances are suggested to select nearly suitable solution similar to stage 2. This technical system options are measured by financial cost and performance of the system and limitations etc. After the stage 4, Logical Design took place as a stage 5, the works and investigation has been done as same like before stage. The main execution of Logical Design is about human factor. It defines dialogue and updates enquiries in non-procedural manner, which is independent of any implementation strategy. Physical Design (PD) is the final module of this system. It is the best choice of possible technical and logical solution, the designer combines the result of the previous stages to build the final aim of the system. This is stage 6 and outcomes in PD for the data and processes (Ashworth et al, 1990, Bentley et al, 1995, Downs et al, 1992). The above essay tells that, SSADM has a well-defined structure and easy to understand by everyone. Many of the UK University has taken this information system in comprehensively and completely. These models and diagrams are giving complete definitions for the final users and developers to understand (Ashworth et al, 1990, Avison and Fitzgerald, 1995). ETHICS (Effective Technique and Human Implementation of Computer-based Systems) Ethics methodology came up out of work started by Enid Mumford at Manchester Business School in 1969. Since then, it has been used in industries and the health services. Much experience gained from these usages (Mumford, 1997). Ethics is acronym, but this approach is to represent the ethical position. This is the information system development, which strongly supports the human participation (Avison and Fitzgerald, 1995). This methodology is well-known for its importance and interest in the human side of systems design (Jayaratna, 1994). It includes the socio-technical view for the system to be effective and this technology should be applicable for social and organisational factors. It also means that a valuable quality of working life and increased job satisfaction of the users is one of the major objective of this system design process. Mumford determines the essential quality of socio-technical approach as one which recognizes the interaction of technology and people and produces the work systems which are both technically efficient and have social characteristics which lead to high job satisfaction; and job satisfaction as the attainment of a good fit between what the employee is seeking from his work-and his job needs, expectations and aspirations-and what he is required to do in his job-the organisational job requirements which mould his experience(Avison and Fitzgerald, 1995). To determine the concept of fit is used to describe the job satisfaction in five fields: Firstly, knowledge fit as a good fit lives when employees should accept that their skills are being adequately utilized and their knowledge being improved to make them efficiently; Physical fit is the second area that means; job must suitable for the employee status, encouragement of the progress and work interest; thirdly efficiency fit, it composed of the effort-reward bargain, work controls and supervisory controls; fourthly the task structured fit, that measures the level to the employees task are considered as being fulfilling and demanding; and the final area is ethical fit, this is also represents social value fit and determines whether the employer organisation be compatible with values of employee(Avison and Fitzgerald 1995). Ethics is a methodology that based on human participation and socio technical character. The Ethics design group consist of users, managers and technical experts. The objective of this methodology helps the design group in the way of identifying and formulating the problem, and also it will set objectives and develop alternatives, and allow other actions like implementing and evaluating new system. It aims to construct the computer based system that provides job satisfaction and achieve the efficiency needs of the organisation (Jayaratna, 1994). During this development, the importance placed on both the human and social and the technical views of the system. Users formulate social alternatives to improve job satisfaction, and experts formulate technical alternatives to improve business efficiency. The above aspects are emphasis to identify the best socio-technical fit under the common cost, resource and other environment constraints (Wong, 2001). Here, the ETHICS steps are executed by the design group: Why change? By enquiring about the problem situation of the current system, design group try to get objective through regular meetings and some discussions to answer the question: why do we need to change. This step gives clear reasons about why the changing system needed (Mumford, 1993). System Boundaries. The design team tries to identify the boundaries of the system and also how it is interfaces with other system. Description of Existing System. This step aims to educate the design group to know how the existing system works. Everyone in this group has more comprehensible of previous system before moving to the new system. 4, 5 and 6 Definition of the key objectives, tasks and information needs. Identify the key objectives for the design groups; the task required to achieve these objectives and information is needed to carry out the tasks. 7. Diagnosis of Efficiency Needs. The design group tries to identify the weak link in the system and that is to be documented. These are main reason for errors. Everyone outside the team help to identify the efficiency need. This could be the opportunity for the team to get involved in the development process. 8. Diagnosis of Job Satisfaction Needs. This is achieved by the standard questionnaire given in the ETHICS methodology. As we know earlier ETHICS is a human-cantered method for others to gain the job satisfaction. The design team tries to identify people needs and also ways to increase satisfaction by using ETHICS questionnaire. This questionnaire covers knowledge fit, physical fit, efficiency fit, task structured fit and ethical fit. 9. Future Analysis The new system need to be designed in the way that apart from just being better from previous system, it should also be able to cope with future changes that may occur in the technological, business and organisation or fashion. 10. Specifying and weighting Efficiency and Job Satisfaction Needs and Objectives Mumford identifies that this is the key step for the whole methodology. Objectives are set according to the diagnosis results of the three previous steps. It can be very difficult task and must involve everyone in the organisation. 11. Organizational Design of the New System. This is the logical and conceptual design of the new system. It should be performed in parallel with next step. The output of this step is detailed about the organizational changes which are needed for the job efficiency and satisfaction objectives. 12. Technical Options. The physical design has been taken by this step for new system. There are some various technical systems like hardware, software and GUI would be investigated and evaluated. By end of this step, most suitable one helps to achieve target of the project and job satisfaction. 13. Preparation of Detailed Design Work. In this step the selected system is designed in detail. The previous documentation is recorded and groups are defined, tasks, responsibilities are allocated and finally relationships are created. 14. Implementation. This is the important step of the development project. The design group now applies the success implementation of design. This connects closely to planning the implementation process in detail. 15. Evaluation. After the successful implementation, the system is assured it is meeting its main objectives, particularly in relation to efficiency and job satisfaction (Avison and Fitzgerald, 1995, Mumford, 1993). Mumford recognizes that implementing this methodology is not an easy one; also she is making the addition point that participative may not work at the powerful situations where the objectives of the system have as a part of the reduction of cost and redundancies. Aylors and Myers suggest that participation may be achieved will be dependent on culture and politics of the organisation more than individuals (Avison and Taylor, 1995). However, many organizations are trying to establish the participation approach in flexible and more useful manner. The comparison between two methodologies (SSADM ETHICS): As we said in the introduction before, we will do comparison between two methodologies mentioned above by using NIMSAD (Normative Information Model-Based System Analysis and Design) framework. These methodologies are compared in detail by using the different steps. This framework consists of three steps and one of the steps contains eight stages fewer than three phases and all the stages steps are correctly evaluated. The steps and stages of the framework will be explained below, The Problem Situation (the methodology context). The Intended Problem Solver (the methodology user). The Problem Solving Process (the methodology). Phase 1- Problem Formation: Stage 1- Understanding the situation of concern. Stage 2- Performing the diagnosis. Stage 3- Defining the prognosis outline. Stage 4- Defining Problem Stage 5- Deriving notional systems. Phase 2- Solution Design: Stage 6- Performing the conceptual/logical design. Stage 7- Performing the physical design. Phase 3- Design Implementation Stage 8- Implementation of design. Evaluation. Problem Situation: This framework will be involved with clients and defines different between the action world and thinking world. This step explains that the problem situation lives in only on action world but the problem solving situation will be in both world. A diagrammatic model cannot catch the elements of an organisation, but they could be used to clarify the concepts and components. This clearly tells that the problem solvers own knowledge and skills will not help to understand the problem situation unless he/she know the organisational language (Jayaratna). In Ethics, the problem situation of the existing system is clearly analysed through the regular meetings and proper discussion. This step could be a main cause for the system change plan. The boundaries of the system have been identified by the design group and also they try to determine how boundaries are connected and communicated with other system (Mumford, 1993).When compare to Ethics, SSADM investigate and study about the problem situation and they will confirm the position from user. These results are explained by the data flow diagram Diagram of problem solving situation: Intended Problem Solver: The intended problem solver is who originate within the organisation or outside of it. We have begun to discuss about the agreement of role and the act of forming relationship to be effective. The NIMSAD framework explains that the intended problem solver adds the single man component to the process and their Mental Construct is used. In Ethics, after the analysis process, this step shows that the design group is been educated about the problem which will make them clear view of the existing problem situation. The main aim of the problem solver is to achieve the job satisfaction and efficiency needs. But in SSADM, the problem solver is fully trained and skilled. They will not get any advice like Ethics and have to understand the problem and find the solution of their own. Diagram for the intended problem solver: Problem Solving Process: NIMSAD defines three important phases and eight detailed stages in this step and can be applicable for any problem solving process. This framework cannot be assumed and this should be achieved at the right time. This methodology could be structured process to alter transformation from current situation to the desired situation. Phase 1.Problem Formulation: Stage1.Understanding the Situation of concern: Understanding the problem is fully based on each one of our mental construct. This stage will build boundaries to determine the field of interest and clear communication of boundaries to avoid danger and this focused on investigation and establish concerned situation. In Ethics as mentioned above, the problem situation is identified. After that the boundaries are set accordingly for evaluating the problem. Then the designer will start gathering the points to solve a problem. In SSADM, the problem is been assumed as a data flow diagram and this will be used to solve the problems. So they will start making points to evaluate the problems. Stage2.Perfoming the Diagnosis: Diagnosis is clearly communicated expression of understanding and that is gained from investigating the problem situation. This is a static expression and also identified by the tool for problem solver or prescribed by the methodology. Mental construct and situation concern are the dynamic process of the expression. Action World cannot be represented by only in diagrammatic way but, it can be a certain priority for the problem solver. In Ethics, diagnosis is to identify the weak link which creates errors and make a document of them for future use. The weak links are the reasons for errors in the system. Everyone from outside can help to determine the efficiency needs. This will be an opportunity for them to get involve. Ethics is human-centered method and its aims to get job satisfaction from each of the employers. A new system should be developed or designed for to cope with the future changes. Diagnosis is a big opportunity for the whole management to get involve for the result (Mumford, 1993). In SSADM, the developers have not been advised or educated to cope the problem situation. The designers should know what the system actually need and they should study and decide about problem. The designers will keep the current records and previous documents Stage3. Defining the prognosis outline: Prognosis pointed a diagrammatically by various outline shape and also it is a desired situation. The prognosis outline compares the current situation with desired situation for to identify the problem. This stays only in outline rather than elaborated. It is presented in few methodologies because, this is an intellectual and political skills. Ethics problem situation has been done in various outlines, and the designers will get feedback from others or inside of the organisation to handle the situation as much as possible. In SSADM, problem elements of the existing system could be chosen by the user among some options like business. Analyst should design the system requirements for how the users exactly want. Stage4.Defining Problem: After clarifying the before stages rationale, the problem solver can look at the system prevention from moving from current to desired state. It will try to find the explanation of problem statements. This process defines that the problem looks at the mapping of two comprehended states. Jayaratna defined that this process is critical and identify the absence of the aspects and this must be based on some form of questions what and why, not how and whom. In Ethics, the design team tries to determine the way to increase the job satisfaction by asking questions. There are some key steps involved in this step as mentioned in before stage. Everyone from the organization must get involve for the development process. In SSADM, the problem cannot be solved by simply looking and thinking as prognosis does. So result of the feasibility study should be combined by the analyst with business option. Stage5.Deriving Notional Systems: Notional system is achieved after completing the Diagnosis to Prognosis as current to desired situation by mapping for to defeat the identified problems and alter the transformation. This model allows the structured problem situation and that can be unstructured or ill-structured and this may be difficult to find. In Ethics, prefers no diagrammatic representation for the changing process. All the design group and analyst will be educated and advised properly for the development process to get good results (Mumford, 1983). SSADM, it is a validating necessary step for the user. The data flow diagrams are used to achieve the actual model of the system requirements. There will be priority for the users need and also feedbacks after increasing prototype for next process. Phase2. Solution Design: Stage6.Perfoming the conceptual/logical design: Diagnosis model is basis for the creation or change of structures, roles, task, functions, information and attitudes of the notional system. This stage is also providing a chance for to re-evaluate the previous stage. In this event, the boundary situation and its contents are considered. In Ethics, the job satisfaction is achieved by the modification from result of this stage. This stage will study that, this is been done by the logical design for developing the system. SSADM use the data flow diagrams for all of the logical design techniques. The designers will perform their operation by changing the diagrams according to the requirements and guidelines. This organisation of system checks the requirements for the system development process. Stage7. Performing the Physical Design: The physical design provides the ways and entails of implementing the logical design. It also points that physical constrains and resources available to implement the logical design. The physical design is regarded with two questions to perform, how it could be done and who is going to do this. The criteria of the physical design determine the decision of the appropriate model, such as Efficiency, Reliability, Security, and Accuracy, upgradeability and Availability, etc. In Ethics, this stage is followed by the logical design. It is investigated and evaluated using the hardware, software, and GUI. In order to achieve the design of the system. In SSADM, the physical design checks whether, it reaches the users specification or the needs of the developing system. Then the system is passed to the programmer from the developer and from here the implementation of the system begins. Phase 3.Design Implementation: Stage8.Implementatoin of the design: It is concerned with the organization of the notional system inside the context of the problem situation. The writing code practice and requiring knowledge and skill in itself, is the component of the implementation process. The competence at translating model from thinking world to action world will be the tested in the implementation stage. Ethics plays vital role in the implementation of the design. The design group complete the entire system and produced to user, then gets the feedback from user. If there are any changes in the developed system, they have to restart the entire system. This is considered as a main drawback in this method (Mumford, 1993). When compare to Ethics, SSADM is well organised, because in this methodology the design group explains the system in each and every stage and then proceed to the forthcoming stages. Evaluation: The entire purpose of NIMSAD framework is evaluating all the methodologies. Evaluation is nothing but asking question, so this framework concerned with the user for to ask questions from the first three steps for the evaluation process. Then the problem solver will ask questions related to the problem situation, then their own the mental construct and experience will be taken for the evaluation. In Ethics, this is the final step of the methodology after completing the implementation part. This evaluation process checks whether the system is achieved the job satisfaction and efficiency needs which is the main objectives of the system. When compare to the Ethics, SSADM does not give more importance to this stage, because it will get feedbacks from the user at each and every stage. Conclusion: There are lot of essential differences between the SSADM and ETHICS as we have looked in the previous sections. The ETHICS methodology aims to attain balance between the designers and available technologies. It provides good opportunity for the developers to work in flexible, highly co-operative environment. Some people believe that ETHICS is impractical because, unskilled cannot design in the right manner and management never take that. The socio-technical approach is the solution for problem situation. As we discussed earlier, ETHICS will not be the right solution like other methodologies, it has both negatives and limitations. The people should trust themselves and try to learn the system to achieve great job efficiency. Every organization attains the profit and business objectives by the combination of job satisfaction and job efficiency. As we discussed earlier, SSADM is a structured subsystem and this will be one of the main reason for easy understanding and studying the system and also causes for well-defined subsystems. The final users and developers can understand the exact definitions through diagrams and models. SSADM is a growing development method and it helps to distinguish the physical and logical parts of the design. The final users of the SSADM involves in the development process. It gives an idea about to use different techniques of this framework such as how, why, when, and where. It gives three various system views for the developers (Ashworth et al, 1990).

Kitchen Best Essay

Individual case study: Kitchen Best Kitchen Best is the typical family owned SME, specialized in the Kitchen appliance production, with Headquarter in Hong Kong and manufacturing plant based in China, in the Guandong province. The main problems concerning the company, are all related with its managing and governance system. The company has been run for years by its founder, Cha Dong, who managed it in a paternalistic way, establishing very strong relationships with most of its senior Staff. His management style reflected the old business culture, characterized by high sense of belonging to the â€Å"family† and an high degree of acceptance of the practice of kickbacks, considered the normal way to run business in China. When Cha Dong, at the end off its career, left the management to its son, Henry Chan, all the governance shortcomings came to light. Henry Chan, who received a Western education, had a more international approach, less involved than its father in the operationa l activities of the company and more focused on its ambitious targets. He prospected to double the revenues of the company entering the US and EU market directly, while continuing to serve the Asian market, where its father focused until that day. Its expertise in the Western culture would have helped the enter in such markets, making the project ambitious but feasible, on the other side focusing in such a target would have meant ignoring the management aspects of its role, who are the basis for the success of a company. Furthermore Henry Chan lack of operational expertise, so he completely relies on Ma Luk, the company’s operations Director, to whom his father delegated the entire operational activities of the factory, during its lasts years of management. He had in that way a great independence and power, given by its expertise and close connection with clients and suppliers. He had also a low level of coordination with Henry Chan, to whom he formally reported, but still su bstantially referred to Chang Dong for important issues. In fact the Kitchen Best founder had still a strong managerial presence in the company, as all its employees trusted him completely, we can asses that the managerial transition did not happened in substantial terms. The company’s culture reflects the old managerial style of the founder: the selection and training of employees is done on a familiar contact base, not relying on impartial standards of efficiency. The lack of standards in training and  recruitment, the high degree of toleration of kickbacks, together with the high independence in the operational decisions, are all factors that contributed to the bad management of the Staff. To Ma Luk, too much power was delegated, with no substantial control, due to the lack of technical skills of Henry Chan. Moreover his strong ties with clients and suppliers were created through kickbacks, tolerated by the father and after by his son, partially to provide a certain continuation in management and partially for fear of losing most of the crucial contacts. Sze, on the other side, trained Macy Wei, Quality Control Manager, affecting so the impartiality required by her role. Looking at the Trust and Advice Network inside the company, we will s urely underline a strong connection between Sze and Macy Wei, as between Ma Luk and Cha Dong, while the actual manager of the company will result isolated and not connected to the main key figures of Kitchen Best. The communication Network will also reveal important managerial considerations. The communication is formal, non effective and one-way: from the bottom to the top, with a total absence of feedback from Henry Chan. A radical change is so necessary in the company’s culture and governance system, starting with a zero tolerance approach toward facilitating payments. Kickbacks are reducing the competitiveness of the company and is severely punished by criminal laws both in China and Macao, where the company operates. This corruptive system is also exposing the company to many problems: one of its key customers, Honghua, has adopted a zero tolerance policy to kickbacks and the company is re-evaluating all its suppliers under standards of competitiveness. To cope with these issues, Henry Chan should concentrate more in the operational part of the company, gaining expertise and position himself strongly at the head of the company. First of all, he should establish a code of ethics, as a first step to change the old and paternalistic company’s culture, by inserting Western elements such as standards and ethics principles. The Code of Ethics should be a formal statement, containing ethical principles related with employees responsibilities and Business integrity. On the other side, Standards should be settled and implemented, with a zero toleration of sub-standards, especially when Selecting, Hiring, Training and Promoting employees. Promotions should be based on performance and compliance with the Codes. Moreover an External Independent Auditor should be hired to control that all  the members of the company, and also its suppliers are complying with standards and Codes. After all, Henry Chan should communicate in an effective w ay the radical measures adopted, explaining to the Stuff how fundamental is for the company to meet the standards established, to enhance its competitiveness in order to better serve its actual Asian clients and to enter the US and EU market. Repeating past errors, such as the Shago or Haus de Metro Incidents, will be fatal for the future of the company: suppliers will be chosen according to their competitiveness and no more on family or friendship relationship base. For that reason a specific Code of behavior for Suppliers has to be implemented too. In conclusion, to make the corporate governance transformation of Kitchen Best feasible, Henry Chan should definitely strengthen its position and impose a more ethic behavior inside the company. To do so, he should enter into the Trust Network, establishing a trust relationship with its Stuff, not being afraid of scolding them when necessary and partially divesting their strength in the customer and suppliers relationships. He should Invest much more time in operational and managerial tasks, as the growth and success of the company depend on them. He should also implement a bi-side communication with its employees, reporting periodically their performances through Feedbacks. When Henry Chan will have adopted all these measures and implemented all the Standards and Codes, his father will be divested from its role, reducing so its influence in the company’s decisions, who reflected the old paternalistic culture, favorable to the unethical practice of facilitating payments.

Italian Verb Conjugations Vincere

vincere: to conquer, defeat, beat; to overcome, overwhelmIrregular second-conjugation Italian verbTransitive verb (takes a  direct object) or intransitive verb (does not take a  direct object) conjugated with the  auxiliary verb  avere Indicative/Indicativo Presente io vinco tu vinci lui, lei, Lei vince noi vinciamo voi vincete loro, Loro vincono Imperfetto io vincevo tu vincevi lui, lei, Lei vinceva noi vincevamo voi vincevate loro, Loro vincevano Passato Remoto io vinsi tu vincesti lui, lei, Lei vinse noi vincemmo voi vinceste loro, Loro vinsero Futuro Semplice io vincer tu vincerai lui, lei, Lei vincer noi vinceremo voi vincerete loro, Loro vinceranno Passato Prossimo io ho vinto tu hai vinto lui, lei, Lei ha vinto noi abbiamo vinto voi avete vinto loro, Loro hanno vinto Trapassato Prossimo io avevo vinto tu avevi vinto lui, lei, Lei aveva vinto noi avevamo vinto voi avevate vinto loro, Loro avevano vinto Trapassato Remoto io ebbi vinto tu avesti vinto lui, lei, Lei ebbe vinto noi avemmo vinto voi aveste vinto loro, Loro ebbero vinto Future Anteriore io avr vinto tu avrai vinto lui, lei, Lei avr vinto noi avremo vinto voi avrete vinto loro, Loro avranno vinto Subjunctive/Congiuntivo Presente io vinca tu vinca lui, lei, Lei vinca noi vinciamo voi vinciate loro, Loro vincano Imperfetto io vincessi tu vincessi lui, lei, Lei vincesse noi vincessimo voi vinceste loro, Loro vincessero Passato io abbia vinto tu abbia vinto lui, lei, Lei abbia vinto noi abbiamo vinto voi abbiate vinto loro, Loro abbiano vinto Trapassato io avessi vinto tu avessi vinto lui, lei, Lei avesse vinto noi avessimo vinto voi aveste vinto loro, Loro avessero vinto Conditional/Condizionale Presente io vincerei tu vinceresti lui, lei, Lei vincerebbe noi vinceremmo voi vincereste loro, Loro vincerebbero Passato io avrei vinto tu avresti vinto lui, lei, Lei avrebbe vinto noi avremmo vinto voi avreste vinto loro, Loro avrebbero vinto Imperative/Imperativo Presente vinci vinca vinciamo vincete vincano Infinitive/Infinito Presente vincere Passato avere vinto Participle/Participio Presente vincente Passato vinto Gerund/Gerundio Presente vincendo Passato avendo vinto

Literary Features in The Great Gatsby and The Catcher in...

Symbolism is used in different ways in both the novels, ‘The Great Gatsby’ and ‘The Catcher in the Rye’ and I have explored the ways in which two different authors have used this literary feature to enhance meaning behind their novels. Fitzgerald uses colour imagery throughout ‘The Great Gatsby’, especially using the colour white which cleverly changes meaning as the story progresses. When the reader is first introduced to both Daisy Buchanan and Jordan Baker, they are first described as being â€Å"dressed in white† which portrays a sense of innocence and purity about them, especially as Fitzgerald then uses the metaphor â€Å"short flight around the room† which makes them appear angelic and portrays them as very beautiful, almost perfect women 1. This image demonstrated for the colour white is slowly diminished as the story continues as I believe Fitzgerald then uses it to establish a sense of corruptness and coldness within the upper class, this is evident when Nick dreams about a woman on a stretcher who is wearing a â€Å"white evening dress†. Fitzgerald juxtaposes the innocence and purity with her hand which is â€Å"cold with jewels† ultimately recreating the image in the readers mind of the colour white which creates a more sinister and corrupt meaning which then begins to become evident in the majority of the upper class. It also proves the carelessness and selfishness of the upper class as she is left alone and that most of this class seem to have a â€Å"cold† personality. DarrenShow MoreRelated`` Fun Home, By Alison Bechdel1163 Words   |  5 Pagesstereotypical role within the family; Bruce didn’t act like a macho-man dad, and Alison wasn’t playing dress up with all the other little girls. Though their personas seem compatible, the stark difference in their gender affiliations was a source of great tension between Alison and her father. Not only does Alison approach herself and her father as â€Å"inversions† of each other, but she also makes note of how she attempts to emphasize her masculinity while her father tries to prevent her from expressingRead MorePassivity Vs. Passion In The Perks Of Being A Wallflower Essay1651 Words   |  7 Pageslettermans jacket. He questions many things, such as mathematics, though his teacher eventually tells him to stop asking why? and to simply memorize the formulas--which he does, resulting in his earning an A in the class. But most of all, he is a great friend, the kind that would let his gay friend--scorn from a lost lover--kiss him goodnight, because that‘s what friends are for(161). There are many characters in the book who introduce Charlie to new and different art forms. Most notable inRead MorePassivity vs. Passion in the Perks of Being a Wallflower1658 Words   |  7 Pageslettermans jacket. He questions many things, such as mathematics, though his teacher eventually tells him to stop asking why? and to simply memorize the formulas--which he does, resulting in his earning an A in the class. But most of all, he is a great friend, the kind that would let his gay friend--scorn from a lost lover--kiss him goodnight, because that‘s what friends are for(161). There are many characters in the book who introduce Charlie to new and different art forms. Most notable inRead More Censorship in Schools Essay3746 Words   |  15 Pagesin the school (Symons Harmon, 1995). The most common causes of the censorship of books in high schools are profanity, sexuality, violence, witchcraft, and new age thinking (Brinkley, 1999). However it can be argued that bad language can serve a literary purpose, sexuality can help to answer teens’ questions about sex, and violence â€Å"is justified†¦if it portrays historical events or current social conditions† (Brinkley, 1999, p. 128). Brown (1994) claims that censors are prone to attacking books thatRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book A New Hope 2190 Words   |  9 Pagesof mentor Obi-Wan. In the end though, Luke, Han and Leia are celebrated in taking down the Death Star, saving the lives of many. Chapter 3: – Nice to Eat You: Acts of Vampires Response What are the essentials of the Vampire story? Apply this to a literary work you have read or viewed. A vampire story consists of the catastrophic corruption of a young, presumably virginal young women by an older, exploitative man who walks away from the devastating scene unaffected. An example of this can be found

The Ethical Requirements Of Sharing Music - 1613 Words

Even broadcasters had no rights to their broadcast. Finally, for performers, their live performances could not be fixed and disseminated. In 1950, the international Federal Phonographic Industry, European Broadcasting Union and the International Federation of Musicians represented the three interests. These finally gave birth to the Rome Convention. Copyright is protected in different Articles of the Convention. Just to highlight one of them, Article 7 provides that performers are to be given rights that prevent broadcasters from communicating the information to the public. This is congruent with the ethical requirements of sharing music. It also prevents performance, fixation and reproduction without their consent. These provisions, among others, apply to music recordings and performances in Canada by being a member of the convention. In most cases, we find that ethical expectation in the way music is shared in Canada is also provided in statutes, boards, and treaties. With this, th e ethical channels needed in sharing music may not have been expressed by are implied in the underlying legalities (Freeman, 2015). The next section addresses Immanuel Kant’s moral value of intellectual property. Kant Theory on Intellectual Property: The Injustice of Reprinting Books After the protracted explanation of the current laws, regulations and treaties relating to copyright and applicable in Canada, some loopholes have been realized. I will first give illustration throughShow MoreRelatedThe Copyright Law Of Canada Connected With An Ethical Line Within Music Sharing1672 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper discusses the copyright law in Canada connected with an ethical line in music sharing. Before embarking on the discussion, it is imperative to understand what copyright entails under the umbrella of intellectual property; the latter refers to intangible property, which is entirely a creation of the mind (Alexander Penalver, 2012, p. 188). 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A Detailed Speech Outline Free Essays

This page explains how to make a detailed outline of a speech. It should be remembered that depending on the type of speech, the outline may vary. However, if you base your speeches on this outline you should be able to make a successful speech. We will write a custom essay sample on A Detailed Speech Outline or any similar topic only for you Order Now In order to make a detailed and useful outline you must understand the structure of a speech. The basic structure of a speech and how to make a simple outline has been explained on another page. On that page it was shown that there are three main parts to a speech; The Introduction, The Body, and The Conclusion. These three parts can be further broken down. The structure of these three main parts can be seen in the outline below. A presentation outline is a way to organize your material logically and clearly. You should make an outline before you start to write a speech. In fact the writing of a speech comes towards the end of the speech creation process (see ’11 Steps to Creating a Speech’). By using a presentation outline, you can â€Å"see† your speech and determine where you need to add or revise information. It provides the structure for the introduction, body, and conclusion of your speech. In addition, it can serve as your speaking script. This outline consists of Four parts; The Header, The Introduction, The Body, and The Conclusion. Before you start writing your speech you should make an outline using these 4 headings and their sub headings. 1. Header Topic Decide on your topic. Audience Analyze your audience. What do they already know about your topic? Are they interested in the topic? Refine and limit topic Based on your analysis of the audience you may need to slightly change you topic, by either changing the focus, or the scale of the topic. Purpose Statement Write down a clear statement of what it is you intend to achieve. What is the purpose of your speech. For example; The purpose of this speech is to inform the audience how to travel in Japan without spending to much money. Organizational Method or Pattern There is no single way to organize a speech. The pattern you will select will be determined by the information you have and the specific purpose you want to achieve. There are six basic patterns for organizing a speech: Logical or topical Chronological Spatial Classification Problem-Solution Cause-effect Once you have completed these five parts of the ‘Header’, you are then ready to start planning the speech itself. . Introduction Greeting and Attention getter How will you greet the audience? How will you get the audience’s attention? Think of a sentence that will make the audience sit up and listen. Thesis Statement The ‘purpose statement’ is where you simply state what your goal is. However, it is not possible to use this in the speech. You need to convert it to a ‘thesis statement’. A thesis statement is one sentence in the introduction in which you declare your purpose and topic. For example, a thesis statement of the above purpose statement would be; ‘Traveling in Japan need not be an extravagance. Credibility If the audience do not know who you are, you will not only need to introduce yourself, but you will also need to ‘establish your credibility’. This means you will have to explain to the audience why you are ‘qualified’ to speak about the subject. Outline of main the points – overview What are your main points? Why? Tell your audience why you think your presentation will be useful to them. 3. The body Transition Think of a sentence that will make it clear to the audience that you have finished the introduction, and are now about to start the body of the speech. Main points and ideas Main ideas Supporting ideas Details Examples Visuals Write your main points and ideas hereWhat ideas will you tell the audience to support your main points? What details or examples do you have? Will you have any visuals to help explain your points? main ideas = sub-topics supporting ideas = sub-sub topics evidence = details and examples 4. The conclusion Transition Think of a sentence that will make it clear to the audience that you have finished the body and are now coming to the end of the speech. Restatement of main points Summarize your main ideas and think of which piece of information you really want the audience to remember. Closer Think of a final sentence to help the audience remember your speech. Note that the presentation outline is not a word-for-word script for the speech but an outline of ideas to serve as an organizational and presentation tool for the speaker. Once you have finished the outline you are then ready to start writing. Copy this into a word processor document, and use the headings to make your own outline for your demonstration speech. How to cite A Detailed Speech Outline, Papers

Statutory Interpretation and Tort Law

Question: Discuss about the Statutory Interpretation and Tort Law. Answer: Introduction: In the present case, it has to be seen if Anna can bring a successful election in negligence against Trevor. Anna had injured her knee when she went on a walking tour that was organized by Honey Bee Nature Appreciation Tours (HB). The tour was supposed to last only six hours and during daylight. However on this particular day, they became late and returned after sunset. Although it is required that the walkers should be appropriately dressed and wear proper shoes but while returning, Anna decided to wear her high heel shoes. Trevor failed to notice that Anna had changed into high heel shoes because at that time he was busy in observing a rare Marbled Fragmouth. If similarly, when they were taking a break, Trevor decided to leave the walkers and went to scout for new location. During this time, Anna consumed half a bottle of wine that she had brought with herself as it was her birthday. Under these circumstances, Anna's heel caught on a tree root and she fell down, injuring her knee. She had to stay in the hospital for a month. Later on, Anna decides to sue Trevor in negligence and claim the lost income for 12 months and punitive damages from Trevor. Therefore, in the present assignment, it has to be seen if Anna can successfully sue Trevor under negligence and at the same time, it also needs to be seen if the defense under contributory negligence is available to Trevor. In order to deal with this issue, first of all it needs to be seen what negligence is. In this context, in cases where one person has a duty of care towards the other, negligence can be described as doing or the failure to do something that would have been done by any other reasonable person and due to which any damage/injury/loss has been caused to the other person due to such an act (Deakin, Johnston and Markesinis, 2003). In Australia, the provisions of Civil Liability Act are used to decide the negligence of the persons and also the liability faced by them due to the negligence acts that have been committed by them (Hepple, 1997). In case a person decides to sue the other person in negligence, the person seeks financial compensation for the damage suffered by it. Such a person needs to be placed in the same position in which the person would have been if the negligence of the other person would not have taken place. DUTY: In order to decide if negligence has taken place, there are four questions that need to be satisfied. Hence, it has to be seen if the defendant had a duty of care towards the plaintiff, if the duty of care has been breached by the defendant, if any injury or loss has been suffered by the plaintiff and if the injury or damage suffered by the plaintiff was the result of such a breach (Donoghue v Stevenson, 1932). For bringing a successful claim in negligence, it is necessary that all the above-mentioned factors should be satisfied. In case even if one factor is not satisfied, then it cannot be said that the plaintiff has suffered damage as a result of the negligence of the defendant (Grant v Australian Knitting Mills, 1933). The duty of care can be described as the legal obligation which requires that persons should avoid causing harm. Such a duty arises when the harm caused to the other person was "reasonably foreseeable" if care was not exercised (Stapleton, 2003). In this context, the law requires that they should be a sufficient close relationship present between the parties so that it can be said that one party had a duty of care towards the other (Wyong Shire Council v Short, 1980). An example of such a situation can be given in the form of the relationship that exists between a doctor and the patient or the relationship that is present between the driver of a vehicle and the other road users. According to the Civil Liability Act, some conditions have been imposed on the duty of care, for example donors and good Samaritans. In this way, the people who decide to act in a situation of emergency, without expecting any payment or the persons who are providing food for the charitable purpose are general ly assumed to be exempt from civil liability, provided they have not acted negligently (Kujinga, 2009). The next issue is to decide when the breach of duty of care takes place. For the purpose of establishing if there has been a breach of duty of care, first of all the court will look at the standard of care that needs to be applied in the particular circumstances of the case. In such a situation, the standard of care needs to be decided by considering what would have been done by some other reasonable person under the same circumstances or if the actions of the party but below the standard that can be expected in such a case, it can be said that the party has breached the their duty of care imposed on it under the circumstances (Shaddock Associates v Parramatta City Council, 1981). Some of the common examples of the imposition of duty of care are the routine activities like driving. Hence it is expected that all the road users and should behave in a reasonable manner. Therefore while dealing with the issue if the defendant had breached and the duty of care imposed on it, the court will see if the defendant had failed to do what would have been done by some other reasonable person under similar circumstances (Tomasic, Bottomley and McQueen, 2002). The key test related negligence is the probability and the likely seriousness of the harm that may be caused by as well as the burden of taking the precautions and the social value aspects of taking the precautions against such a risk. In Wyong Shire Council v Short (1980), the court stated that while deciding if there has been a breach of the duty, the court will consider the probability of, as well as the likely seriousness of the harm and the fact how difficult it would have been to take precautions against it and the conflicting responsibilities related to taking such precautions (Stapleton, 1991). It also needs to be seen if the above-mentioned breach of duty has resulted in an injury. Sometimes it is obvious that the breach has resulted in an injury (Overseas Tankship (UK) Ltd v Morts Dock Engineering Co Ltd., 1961). For example when a person has slipped on the wet floor and broken his leg, a clear connection exists between the injury suffered by the person and the wet floor. On the other hand, sometimes it is a complex task to find the cause of the injury. There can be more than one event that may have resulted in the injury. For instance a person has slipped on the wet floor but on the same morning, the person has also fallen from a bicycle, a question may arise if the injury was caused by one event or both the events and to what extent. The two main differences that are available in the case of negligence are contributory negligence and the fact that the risk was voluntarily assumed by the plaintiff. In this regard, contributory negligence takes place when it can be said that the plaintiff had failed in making the required standard of care under the circumstances for ensuring their own protection (Barker, 1993). And it was a contributory cause, along with the conduct of the defendant, behind the injury suffered by the plaintiff. In this way, contributory negligence can be described as the failure of the plaintiff to avoid the harm that has been suffered by it as a result of the conduct of the defendant. For example if a pedestrian had suddenly decided to cross the street without looking and such person is hit by a speeding car. The law provides that when contributory negligence exists, the responsibility for the injuries suffered by the plaintiff has to be apportioned among the defendant and the plaintiff, in accord ance with their respective degree of their responsibility. The Civil Liability Act also provides that now it is available to the court to reduce the damages awarded to the plaintiff even by 100%. The main remedy that is available in case of negligence is damages. Damages put a monetary value on the harm suffered by the plaintiff, in accordance with the principle that the plaintiff should be placed in the same position if the negligence of the defendant would not have taken place (Gardiner and McGlone, 1998). Therefore, for most purposes, the level of culpability regarding the breach of duty is not relevant. Once it has been established that there is a breach of duty, it only needs to be seen how to compensate the victim. Generally the types of damages awarded by the court are as follows. Special damages, general damages and punitive damages. The examples of special damages include lost wages, damage to property or medical bills. The general damages are the damages that cannot be quantified in monetary terms (McDonald, 2005). The examples of general damages are the amount paid for the pain and suffering experienced by the plaintiff in a car accident. The purpose behind awardin g punitive damages is to punish the defendant, instead of compensating the plaintiff in cases involving negligence. Mostly, punitive damages can be recovered in an action for negligence only if the plaintiff is successful in establishing that the conduct of the defendant was something more than ordinary negligence. Conclusion: On the basis of the above-mentioned principles related with negligence, it can be said that in this case, Anna can bring a successful election in negligence against Trevor. The reason is that Trevor had failed to ensure the safety of the walkers. For example he left the walkers unattended when they were taking a break and he had gone to scout for a new location. Similarly he lost track of time and spend too much time over there. The result was that the walkers had to walk back in the dark. Similarly he also failed to stop Anna from consuming the bottle of wine that she had brought with herself. Moreover he did not saw that when they were returning back, Anna changed into her high heel shoes. In this way it is clear that Trevor was negligent and the injuries suffered by Anna was the result of the negligence of Trevor. But in this context it is also worth mentioning that Anna had also contributed in this negligence. It was negligence on the part of Anna when she decided to consume half a bottle of wine during the walk. Moreover, Trevor had told the walkers that they should be appropriate clothes and shoes but while returning, Anna decided to wear her high heeled shoes. Moreover, as Anna had recovered completely within a month, she cannot claim the lost income for 12 months. References Barker, K., (1993) Unreliable Assumptions in the Modern Law of Negligence 109 Law Quarterly Review 461, 483 Benjamin K (2009). "Reasonable Care And Skill The Modern Scope Of The Auditor's Duty". GAA Accounting Deakin, S., Johnston A and Markesinis B (2003) Markesinis and Deakin's Tort Law, Oxford University Press Gardiner D and McGlone, F., (1998) Outline of Torts (2nd ed,), Butterworths Hepple, B, (1997) Negligence: The Search for Coherence, 50 Current Legal Problems 69 McDonald, B (2005). "Legislative Intervention in the Law of Negligence: The Common Law, Statutory Interpretation and Tort Reform in Australia". Sydney Law Review. 27 (3) Stapleton, J., (1991) Duty of Care and Economic Loss: A Wider Agenda, 107 Law Quarterly Review 249 Stapleton, J., (2003) The Golden Thread at the Heart of Tort Law: Protection of the Vulnerable 24 Australian Bar Review 135 Tomasic, R. Bottomley, S, and McQueen, (2002) Audits and Auditors, Corporations Law in Australia, Federation Press Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 Grant v Australian Knitting Mills (1933) 50 CLR 387 Overseas Tankship (UK) Ltd v Morts Dock Engineering Co Ltd [1961] AC 388 (Wagon Mound No 1 Case (1961)) Shaddock Associates v Parramatta City Council (1981) 150 CLR 225 Wyong Shire Council v Short (1980) 146 CLR 40